[148][149] Napoleonic rule resulted in the further dissemination of the ideals of the French Revolution, including that of the nation-state, as well as the widespread adoption of the French models of administration, law, and education. The UN predicts a steady population decline in Central and Eastern Europe as a result of emigration and low birth rates. The rise of a new humanism was accompanied by the recovery of forgotten classical Greek and Arabic knowledge from monastic libraries, often translated from Arabic into Latin. [186] On 7 December 1941 Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor drew the United States into the conflict as allies of the British Empire and other allied forces.[187][188]. "Europe" as used specifically in British English may also refer to Continental Europe exclusively.[27]. In parallel, the Eastern Question grew more complex ever since the Ottoman defeat in the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774). [42] In 1958, the Soviet Geographical Society formally recommended that the boundary between the Europe and Asia be drawn in textbooks from Baydaratskaya Bay, on the Kara Sea, along the eastern foot of Ural Mountains, then following the Ural River until the Mugodzhar Hills, and then the Emba River; and Kuma–Manych Depression,[43] thus placing the Caucasus entirely in Asia and the Urals entirely in Europe. [28] Herodotus mentioned that the world had been divided by unknown persons into three parts, Europe, Asia, and Libya (Africa), with the Nile and the Phasis forming their boundaries—though he also states that some considered the River Don, rather than the Phasis, as the boundary between Europe and Asia. Malta was considered an island of Northwest Africa for centuries, but now it is considered to be part of Europe as well. [113] During this period, more than 100 plague epidemics swept across Europe. Josef Wasmayer "Wetter- und Meereskunde der Adria" (1976), pp 5. But maps produced during the 16th to 18th centuries tended to differ in how to continue the boundary beyond the Don bend at Kalach-na-Donu (where it is closest to the Volga, now joined with it by the Volga–Don Canal), into territory not described in any detail by the ancient geographers. By the Middle Ages the bears' habitats were limited to more or less inaccessible mountains with sufficient forest cover. Svalbard is also included due to its unique status within Norway, although it is not autonomous. [16] An alternative view is that of R.S.P. [23], Clickable map of Europe, showing one of the most commonly used continental boundaries[24] Key: blue: states which straddle the border between Europe and Asia; 19 EU countries share the euro as a common currency. Euro und die anderen Euro-Länder 77 Mrd. The exception is Benedict of Nursia, who had already been declared "Patron Saint of all Europe" by Pope Paul VI in 1964. However, his idea to use major rivers almost exclusively as the line of demarcation was never taken up by other geographers. Capitalism has been dominant in the Western world since the end of feudalism. The term "continent" usually implies the physical geography of a large land mass completely or almost completely surrounded by water at its borders. On 24 September, the Soviet Union attacked the Baltic countries and later, Finland. This extended lowland is known as the Great European Plain, and at its heart lies the North German Plain. The geology of Europe is hugely varied and complex, and gives rise to the wide variety of landscapes found across the continent, from the Scottish Highlands to the rolling plains of Hungary. Glaciation during the most recent ice age and the presence of man affected the distribution of European fauna. [72], While the Roman empire in the west continued to decline, Roman traditions and the Roman state remained strong in the predominantly Greek-speaking Eastern Roman Empire, also known as the Byzantine Empire. [180][204][205][206], European integration also grew after World War II. The northern plains are delimited in the west by the Scandinavian Mountains and the mountainous parts of the British Isles. This territory, under the Arabic name Al-Andalus, became part of the expanding Umayyad Caliphate. The plantations now cover vast areas of land, but offer poorer habitats for many European forest dwelling species which require a mixture of tree species and diverse forest structure. ), Dublin:Four Courts Press. In Asia, European-derived populations, (specifically Russians), predominate in North Asia and some parts of Northern Kazakhstan.[267]. .eu, . [214], In general, Europe is not just colder towards the north compared to the south, but it also gets colder from the west towards the east. In the north, the taiga is a mixed spruce–pine–birch forest; further north within Russia and extreme northern Scandinavia, the taiga gives way to tundra as the Arctic is approached. The Neanderthals were supplanted by modern humans (Cro-Magnons), who appeared in Europe around 43,000 to 40,000 years ago. Among the smaller European organisations are the Nordic Council, the Benelux, the Baltic Assembly and the Visegrád Group. Expanding from their base in central Italy beginning in the third century BCE, the Romans gradually expanded to eventually rule the entire Mediterranean Basin and Western Europe by the turn of the millennium. Geopolitical shifts, such as closer relations between Greece and Russia, as the crisis soured relations with Europe. The wolf, the second largest predator in Europe after the brown bear, can be found primarily in Central and Eastern Europe and in the Balkans, with a handful of packs in pockets of Western Europe (Scandinavia, Spain, etc.). In addition, polar bears may be found on Svalbard, a Norwegian archipelago far north of Scandinavia. An estimated 36% of Greeks lived below the poverty line in 2014. [244], Figures released by Eurostat in 2009 confirmed that the Eurozone had gone into recession in 2008. This shared cultural heritage is combined by overlapping indigenous national cultures and folklores, roughly divided into Slavic, Latin (Romance) and Germanic, but with several components not part of either of these group (notably Greek, Basque and Celtic). Christian culture was the predominant force in western civilisation, guiding the course of philosophy, art, and science. West Germany recovered quickly and had doubled production from pre-war levels by the 1950s. Euro zur Verfügung. The conditions for growth are very favourable. The trade between East and West, as well as towards Asia, which had been disrupted for a long time by the two world wars, new borders and the Cold War, increased sharply after 1989. As a name for a part of the known world, it is first used in the 6th century BC by Anaximander and Hecataeus. Dornbusch, Rudiger; Nölling, Wilhelm P.; Layard, Richard G. "Germany (East)", Library of Congress Country Study. established the NATO alliance and later the Soviet Union and Central Europe established the Warsaw Pact. [253] Within this context, significant disparities exist between regions in relation to fertility rates. This number includes Siberia, (about 38 million people) but excludes European Turkey (about 12 million). [168], Russia was plunged into the Russian Revolution, which threw down the Tsarist monarchy and replaced it with the communist Soviet Union. In 1949 the Council of Europe was founded, following a speech by Sir Winston Churchill, with the idea of unifying Europe to achieve common goals. He was subsequently excommunicated in the papal bull Exsurge Domine in 1520, and his followers were condemned in the 1521 Diet of Worms, which divided German princes between Protestant and Roman Catholic faiths. Around 440 million years ago Euramerica was formed from Baltica and Laurentia; a further joining with Gondwana then leading to the formation of Pangea. The Greek government-debt crisis was the sovereign debt crisis faced by Greece in the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2007–08.Widely known in the country as The Crisis (Greek: Η Κρίση), it reached the populace as a series of sudden reforms and austerity measures that led to impoverishment and loss of income and property, as well as a small-scale humanitarian crisis. Around 1.1 billion years ago, Baltica and Arctica (as part of the Laurentia block) became joined to Rodinia, later resplitting around 550 million years ago to reform as Baltica. Germany re-expanded and took back the Saarland and Rhineland in 1935 and 1936. From the 7th century onwards, as the Byzantines and neighbouring Sasanid Persians were severely weakened due to the protracted, centuries-lasting and frequent Byzantine–Sasanian wars, the Muslim Arabs began to make inroads into historically Roman territory, taking the Levant and North Africa and making inroads into Asia Minor. At the time, Britain and France preferred a policy of appeasement. [54][55], The European Bronze Age began c. 3200 BCE in Greece with the Minoan civilisation on Crete, the first advanced civilisation in Europe. Most of Europe is in a mode of Sub-replacement fertility, which means that each new(-born) generation is being less populous than the older. Although over half of Europe's original forests disappeared through the centuries of deforestation, Europe still has over one quarter of its land area as forest, such as the broadleaf and mixed forests, taiga of Scandinavia and Russia, mixed rainforests of the Caucasus and the Cork oak forests in the western Mediterranean. Adverse impact on the IMF and the credibility of its austerity strategy. It comprises the westernmost peninsulas of the continental landmass of Eurasia,[10] and is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east. [166] Most European nations were drawn into the war, which was fought between the Entente Powers (France, Belgium, Serbia, Portugal, Russia, the United Kingdom, and later Italy, Greece, Romania, and the United States) and the Central Powers (Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire). [170] Excess deaths in Russia over the course of World War I and the Russian Civil War (including the postwar famine) amounted to a combined total of 18 million. [25], Islands are generally grouped with the nearest continental landmass, hence Iceland is considered to be part of Europe, while the nearby island of Greenland is usually assigned to North America, although politically belonging to Denmark. Politically, Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states, of which Russia is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. In addition, there is new impetus from the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative across the Suez Canal towards Africa and Asia. The annual budget deficit (expenses over revenues) was 3.4% GDP in 2014, much improved versus the 15% of 2009. Western democratic and rationalist culture are often attributed to Ancient Greece. [141] Further east, the Nogai Horde and Kazakh Khanate frequently raided the Slavic-speaking areas of contemporary Russia and Ukraine for hundreds of years, until the Russian expansion and conquest of most of northern Eurasia (i.e. ", Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union, Post-Napoleonic Irish grain price and land use shocks, Global financial crisis in September 2008, 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami stock market crash, 2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence, List of stock market crashes and bear markets, Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&oldid=1015157723, Articles with dead external links from January 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2021, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2019, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2019, Articles with failed verification from May 2020, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from April 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015, Articles with failed verification from July 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. In Russia and the Soviet Union, the boundary along the Kuma–Manych Depression was the most commonly used as early as 1906. A century ago, Europe had nearly a quarter of the world's population. Michael A. Barry: "L'Europe et son mythe : à la poursuite du couchant". [207] In 1967 the EEC, European Coal and Steel Community and Euratom formed the European Community, which in 1993 became the European Union. [265] But numbers remained relatively small until waves of mass emigration in the 19th century, when millions of poor families left Europe. During most of its existence, the Byzantine Empire was the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe. Four years later, in 1725, Philip Johan von Strahlenberg was the first to depart from the classical Don boundary by proposing that mountain ranges could be included as boundaries between continents whenever there were deemed to be no suitable waterways, the Ob and Irtysh Rivers notwithstanding. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century, gave rise to radical economic, cultural and social change in Western Europe and eventually the wider world. The 1745 atlas published by the Russian Academy of Sciences has the boundary follow the Don beyond Kalach as far as Serafimovich before cutting north towards Arkhangelsk, while other 18th- to 19th-century mapmakers such as John Cary followed Strahlenberg's prescription. The yearly average temperature in city of Inverness is 9.05 °C (48.29 °F). The British hoped to land at Narvik and send troops to aid Finland, but their primary objective in the landing was to encircle Germany and cut the Germans off from Scandinavian resources. Die Mittel für Bulgarien und Rumänien wurden ab 2004 schrittweise erhöht, so dass die EU in den Jahren 2004 etwa 1,2 Mrd. Membership in the Eurozone would no longer be perceived as irrevocable. 2009. The opening of the Iron Curtain at the Pan-European Picnic then set in motion a peaceful chain reaction, at the end of which the Eastern bloc, the Warsaw Pact and communism collapsed and the Cold War ended. [59] In 508 BCE, Cleisthenes instituted the world's first democratic system of government in Athens. [261] 2.4 million immigrants from non-EU countries entered the EU in 2017. The currency of most countries of the European Union, the euro, is the most commonly used among Europeans; and the EU's Schengen Area abolishes border and immigration controls between most of its member states and some non-members states. The four largest urban areas of Europe are Istanbul, Moscow, Paris and London. The main natural vegetation cover in Europe is mixed forest. The semi-arid Mediterranean region hosts much scrub forest. [156] Formal recognition of the de facto independent principalities of Montenegro, Serbia and Romania ensued at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. This and the Wall Street Crash of 1929 brought about the worldwide Great Depression. [236] The Industrial Revolution started in Europe, specifically the United Kingdom in the late 18th century,[237] and the 19th century saw Western Europe industrialise. However the Europe-Asia part of the border is somewhat arbitrary and inconsistent with this definition because of its partial adherence to the Ural and Caucasus Mountains rather than a series of partly joined waterways suggested by cartographer Herman Moll in 1715. One view is that her name derives from the ancient Greek elements εὐρύς (eurús), "wide, broad" and ὤψ (ōps, gen. ὠπός, ōpós) "eye, face, countenance", hence their composite Eurṓpē would mean "wide-gazing" or "broad of aspect". Vertrag von Nizza. The Middle Ages on the mainland were dominated by the two upper echelons of the social structure: the nobility and the clergy. In 1721, he produced a more up to date map that was easier to read. Within the above-mentioned states are several de facto independent countries with limited to no international recognition. [262], Early modern emigration from Europe began with Spanish and Portuguese settlers in the 16th century,[263][264] and French and English settlers in the 17th century. Turkey is generally considered a transcontinental country divided entirely by water, while Russia and Kazakhstan are only partly divided by waterways. Five European countries rank in the top ten of the world's largest national economies in GDP (PPP). By the mid-19th century, there were three main conventions, one following the Don, the Volga–Don Canal and the Volga, the other following the Kuma–Manych Depression to the Caspian and then the Ural River, and the third abandoning the Don altogether, following the Greater Caucasus watershed to the Caspian. The United States and Western Europe Today wolves (carnivores) and bears (omnivores) are endangered. [134] The Thirty Years War (1618–1648) crippled the Holy Roman Empire and devastated much of Germany, killing between 25 and 40 percent of its population.

Buddha Zeichnung Bleistift, Rettungssanitäter Lehrmaterial Pdf, Hofer Handy Samsung A10, Bescheid Wissen Bedeutung, Kostenlos Parken Heringsdorf, Urlaub Am Bauernhof Mit Halbpension, Larnaca Schönster Strand, Deutsche Bank Baufinanzierung Erfahrung, Buddha Anhänger Gold 750,