[293][294][295], The EU has some of the highest levels of life expectancy in the world, with Spain, Italy, Sweden, France, Malta, Ireland, Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Greece all among the world's top 20 countries with the highest life expectancy. Almost all member states supported that goal at an EU summit in June 2019. The Euro vs. [215][216], In 2016, the average among EU countries was 0.4% and five had met or exceeded the 0.7% target: Denmark, Germany, Luxembourg, Sweden and the United Kingdom. [312], Charles the Great, also known as Charlemagne (Latin: Carolus Magnus) and later recognised as Pater Europae ("Father of Europe"),[313][314][315] has a symbolic relevance to Europe. It elects the commission's president, must approve the College of Commissioners, and may vote to remove them collectively from office. The federalisation of the European Union describes processes and proposals by which the European Union could be transformed from an informal confederation into a federation. While services account for 60–70% of GDP, legislation in the area is not as developed as in other areas. The EU offers financial assistance to countries within the European Neighbourhood, so long as they meet the strict conditions of government reform, economic reform and other issues surrounding positive transformation. The Court of Justice primarily deals with cases taken by member states, the institutions, and cases referred to it by the courts of member states. Euratom was to integrate sectors in nuclear energy while the EEC would develop a customs union among members. [322], The MEDIA Programme of the European Union has supported the European popular film and audiovisual industries since 1991. [62], In 1973, the Communities were enlarged to include Denmark (including Greenland, which later left the Communities in 1985, following a dispute over fishing rights), Ireland, and the United Kingdom. Accordingly, the Union has legislated in areas such as extradition,[185] family law,[186] asylum law,[187] and criminal justice. [296] In general, life expectancy is lower in Eastern Europe than in Western Europe. [251], The EU has had legislative power in the area of energy policy for most of its existence; this has its roots in the original European Coal and Steel Community. Its capital is Vienna and the official language in Austria is German. The Commission acts as an independent regulator with the power to decide whether a government intervention falls foul of the rules. [153], The EU had an agreed budget of €120.7 billion for the year 2007 and €864.3 billion for the period 2007–2013,[155] representing 1.10% and 1.05% of the EU-27's GNI forecast for the respective periods. ], In the oriental parts of the continent, the Russian Tsardom, and ultimately the Empire (1547–1917), declared Moscow to be Third Rome and inheritor of the Eastern tradition after the fall of Constantinople in 1453. [164][165], EU member states retain all powers not explicitly handed to the European Union. In higher education, the policy was developed in the 1980s in programmes supporting exchanges and mobility. Learn more about the EU … Languages in the European Union", "Cyprus asks to make Turkish an EU language", Proposal for an ACT OF ADAPTATION OF THE TERMS OF ACCESSION OF THE UNITED CYPRUS REPUBLIC TO THE EUROPEAN UNION, "MEPs push for EU recognition of Catalan, Welsh languages", "Committee of Ministers – European Year of Languages Parliamentary Assembly Recommendation 1539", "Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union", "Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union", "EU celebrates 50th birthday-with a row about religion", "Answers – The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions", "Accession criteria (Copenhagen criteria)", "European Commission – Enlargement – Candidate and Potential Candidate Countries", "Iceland's EU bid is over, commission told", "Mont Blanc shrinks by 45 cm (17.72 in) in two years", "Urban sprawl in Europe: The ignored challenge, European Environmental Agency", "Europe's overseas territories: What you need to know", "EU Library Briefing:Lobbying the EU institutions", "Institutional affairs: Council of the European Union", "Institutions: The Council of the European Union", "MEPs must be elected on the basis of proportional representation, the threshold must not exceed 5%, and the electoral area may be subdivided in constituencies if this will not generally affect the proportional nature of the voting system", "European Commission - PRESS RELEASES - Press release - Q&A on Interinstitutional Agreement on Budgetary Discipline and Sound Financial Management 2007-2013", "Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union", "European auditors point to errors but sign off EU's accounts – some UK media decline to listen to what the auditors say", "Annual Report of the Court of Auditors on the implementation of the budget concerning the financial year 2009, together with the institutions' replies", "Protection of the European Union's financial interests – Fight against fraud – Annual Report 2009 (, "Hungary and Poland block EU coronavirus recovery package", "EU budget blocked by Hungary and Poland over rule of law issue", Title I of Part I of the consolidated Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, "The Legal Personality of the European Union", United Nations Convention against Corruption, Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, "Article 19 of the Treaty on European Union", Article 2, Treaty on European Union (consolidated 1 December 2009), "Respect for fundamental rights in the EU – general development", "Europe Unveils New Sanctions Plan for Human Rights Violations", "Emily O'Reilly re-elected European Ombudsman | News | European Parliament", "European arrest warrant replaces extradition between EU Member States", "Jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in matrimonial matters and in matters of parental responsibility (Brussels II)", "Minimum standards on the reception of applicants for asylum in Member States", "European police office now in full swing", "Eurojust coordinating cross-border prosecutions at EU level", "Qualified-Majority Voting: Common commercial policy", EU states envisage new foreign policy giant, "European External Action Service gives Europe voice on world stage", "Swiss to vote on whether to end free movement deal with EU", "Large majority of Swiss reject bid to rein in immigration from EU, says exit poll", "The EU 'neutrals,' the CFSP and defence policy", "Statement of the Presidency of the Permanent Council of the WEU", Military spending saw biggest increase in a decade in 2019. The euro (€) is the official currency of 19 out of 28 EU countries. [112] Discussion over the draft texts of the European Constitution and later the Treaty of Lisbon included proposals to mention Christianity or a god, or both, in the preamble of the text, but the idea faced opposition and was dropped.[113]. [311] More than half (56%) of EU citizens are able to engage in a conversation in a language other than their mother tongue. News EU summit to tackle vaccination drive, receive Joe Biden. [200], Switzerland was called to vote on whether to end the agreement with European Union on the free movement of people, in September 2020. [202], The predecessors of the European Union were not devised as a military alliance because NATO was largely seen as appropriate and sufficient for defence purposes. In 1990, after the fall of the Eastern Bloc, the former East Germany became part of the Communities as part of a reunified Germany.[68]. [99][100], Even though language policy is the responsibility of member states, EU institutions promote multilingualism among its citizens. In addition to an overview on species and habitats status, both at national and EU levels, it also addresses the status of the Natura 2000 network and its … However, it has been a “potential candidate country” since 2000 when it was recognized. Demographic transition to a society of aging population, low fertility-rates and depopulation of non-metropolitan regions is tackled within this policies. The non-EU member states of Iceland, Norway, Liechtenstein and Switzerland participate in the single market but not in the customs union. The EU was given its current structure and powers in 2007 with the Lisbon Treaty, also known as the Reform Treaty. The free movement of capital is unique insofar as it is granted equally to non-member states. The developing European transport policies will increase the pressure on the environment in many regions by the increased transport network. Greece joined in 1981, Portugal and Spain following in 1986. [46] In 1920, advocating the creation of a European economic union, British economist John Maynard Keynes wrote that "a Free Trade Union should be established ... to impose no protectionist tariffs whatever against the produce of other members of the Union. Despite joining the EU as a de facto divided island, the whole of Cyprus is EU territory. "[74][75] In 2013, Croatia became the 28th EU member. The distribution of competences in various policy areas between Member States and the Union is divided in the following three categories: The EU is based on a series of treaties. [306] The EU does fund a programme for Israeli, Jordanian, Irish, and British football coaches, as part of the Football 4 Peace project. The relevance and performance of state-owned enterprises in the european economy 6 1.1. [116], Through successive enlargements, the European Union has grown from the six founding states (Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands) to 27 members. European Union European Econom… Role and objectives of state-owned enterprises 6 1.2. It could be better. EU member states own the estimated second largest after the United States (US$105 trillion) net wealth in the world, equal to around 20% (~€60 trillion) of the US$360 trillion (~€300 trillion)[231] global wealth. Other key global agreements are the Paris Agreement and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (United Nations, 2015). 65,993 km (41,006 mi) coastline dominates the European climate (Natural Park of Penyal d'Ifac, Spain), Mont Blanc in the Alps is the highest peak in the EU, The Danube (pictured in Budapest), is the longest river in the European Union, Repovesi National Park in Finland, where there are some 187,888 lakes larger than 500 square metres (5,382 sq ft), Nuorgam, a village in the Utsjoki municipality, is the northernmost point of the European Union, Including the overseas territories of France which are located outside the continent of Europe, but which are members of the union, the EU experiences most types of climate from Arctic (north-east Europe) to tropical (French Guiana), rendering meteorological averages for the EU as a whole meaningless. Gazprom also has significant financial sector interests. [36] The gap between Greek East and Latin West had already been widened by the political scission of the Roman Empire in the 4th century and the Great Schism of 1054,[37][38][39] and would be eventually widened again by the Iron Curtain (1945–1991) before the enlargement of the European Union towards Eastern Europe since 2004 onward.[40][41][relevant?]. The European Parliament is one of three legislative institutions of the EU, which together with the Council of the European Union is tasked with amending and approving the Commission's proposals. Until the 1990s, the policy accounted for over 60% of the then European Community's annual budget, and as of 2013[update] accounts for around 34%. [250] Around 46% of the energy consumed was produced within the member states while 54% was imported. The difference between the richest and poorest regions (281 NUTS-2 regions of the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics) ranged, in 2017, from 31% (Severozapaden, Bulgaria) of the EU28 average (€30,000) to 253% (Luxembourg), or from €4,600 to €92,600. It acts externally as a "collective head of state" and ratifies important documents (for example, international agreements and treaties).[142]. In the eurozone, trade is helped by not having any currency differences to deal with amongst most members. A European identity card, to be issued starting from 2 August 2021. [18][69] The treaty also gave the name European Community to the EEC, even if it was referred as such before the treaty. [269] A European Directive about Minimum Wage has also been discussed[270]. As of December 2020, the EU has no formal plans to become a federation. [228], The European Union has concluded free trade agreements (FTAs)[229] and other agreements with a trade component with many countries worldwide and is negotiating with many others. Cities are largely spread out across the EU with a large grouping in and around the Benelux. This international dimension is reflected in the EU's Sixth Environmental Action Programme,[277] which recognises that its objectives can only be achieved if key international agreements are actively supported and properly implemented both at EU level and worldwide. EU-Armenia Partnership and Cooperation Agreement, EU and Kyrgyz Republic Enhanced Partnership and Cooperation Agreement, monetary policy for the Member States whose currency is the, the conservation of marine biological resources under the, social policy, for the aspects defined in this Treaty, economic, social and territorial cohesion, common safety concerns in public health matters, for the aspects defined in this Treaty, development cooperation, humanitarian aid, the coordination of economic, employment and social policies, the protection and improvement of human health, 2020: Spanish health workers on the front line against, This page was last edited on 28 March 2021, at 23:06. The budget may still be approved if Hungary and Poland withdraw their vetos after further negotiations in the Council and the European Council. The General Court mainly deals with cases taken by individuals and companies directly before the EU's courts,[173] and the European Union Civil Service Tribunal adjudicates in disputes between the European Union and its civil service. Communication of 8 May 2012 on EU State aid modernisation stated that the complexity of the existing rules created challenges for State aid control and called for the identification and definition of common principles to ensure consistency of guidelines and equal treatment across measures and economic sectors 2. While acknowledging that the relationship between the Member States and the European Union is an interactive one, most of the literature focuses one side of the equation. Schmitter, Comparative Politics: Its Past, Present and Future (2016), 1 Chinese Political Science Review, 397, at 410, "European Union is the most complex polity in the world". The European Commission working sectors are: Aeronautics, automotive, biotechnology, chemicals, construction, cosmetics, defense, electronics, firearms, food and drink, gambling, healthcare, maritime, mechanics, medical, postal, raw materials, space, textile, tourism, toys and Social economy (Societas cooperativa Europaea). The EU budget is scrutinised by the European Court of Auditors. Now you are ready to move on to the other lessons in this unit. The SDGs recognize that all countries must stimulate action in the following key areas - people, planet, prosperity, peace and partnership - in order to tackle the global challenges that are crucial for the survival of humanity. It also led directly to the founding of the Council of Europe in 1949, the first great effort to bring the nations of Europe together, initially ten of them. [246] The ECB is the central bank for the eurozone, and thus controls monetary policy in that area with an agenda to maintain price stability. European Union (EU), international organization comprising 27 European countries and governing common economic, social, and security policies. Initially, these reforms included the introduction of set-aside in 1988, where a proportion of farm land was deliberately withdrawn from production, milk quotas and, more recently, the 'de-coupling' (or disassociation) of the money farmers receive from the EU and the amount they produce (by the Fischler reforms in 2004). The Court of Auditors is legally obliged to provide the Parliament and the council (specifically, the Economic and Financial Affairs Council) with "a statement of assurance as to the reliability of the accounts and the legality and regularity of the underlying transactions". BRUSSELS (AP) — The European Union has approved $4.7 billion in state aid for national carrier Air France as it struggles through the economic impact of the COVID-19 … [182] Any EU citizen or entity may appeal to the ombudsman to investigate an EU institution on the grounds of maladministration (administrative irregularities, unfairness, discrimination, abuse of power, failure to reply, refusal of information or unnecessary delay). [r], The direct effect and supremacy doctrines were not explicitly set out in the European Treaties but were developed by the Court of Justice itself over the 1960s, apparently under the influence of its then most influential judge, Frenchman Robert Lecourt[170]. The expansion of the EU introduced a new level of complexity and discord. Examples of such alliances include the Visegrad Group, Benelux, the Baltic Assembly, the New Hanseatic League, the Weimar Triangle, the Lublin Triangle, EU Med Group and the Craiova Group. After the recent enlargement, the new states that joined since 2004 added the problem of solving accessibility to the transport agenda. außerordentlicher Karlspreis 2004", Press freedom in the EU Legal framework and challenges, "European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations", "Institutional integration and economic growth in Europe", "The European Union's authoritarian equilibrium", Historical Archives of the European Union, Eurostat – European Union Statistics Explained, The European Union: Questions and Answers, European Coal and Steel Community (1951–2002), European Economic Community (1958–1993/2009), Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification, Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants, Largest cities by population within city limits, Orders, decorations, and medals of the European Union, Western European Union Mission Service Medal, Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, Directive on the re-use of public sector information, Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A. v. Cadbury UK Limited, Directive on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions, Directive on the legal protection of designs, Directive on the Protection of Trade Secrets, German Law on the Protection of Trade Secrets, Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, American Foundation for AIDS Research (AMFAR), Association of Academies of the Spanish Language, Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul, Spanish Organization for the Blind (ONCE), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Union&oldid=1014761857, International organizations based in Europe, United Nations General Assembly observers, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Articles containing Bulgarian-language text, Articles containing Croatian-language text, Articles containing Estonian-language text, Articles containing Finnish-language text, Articles containing Hungarian-language text, Articles containing Italian-language text, Articles containing Latvian-language text, Articles containing Lithuanian-language text, Articles containing Maltese-language text, Articles containing Portuguese-language text, Articles containing Romanian-language text, Articles containing Slovene-language text, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Articles containing Swedish-language text, Pages using collapsible list without both background and text-align in titlestyle, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Articles lacking reliable references from January 2021, All articles that may have off-topic sections, Wikipedia articles that may have off-topic sections from December 2020, Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2020, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013, Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. EU policy is in general promulgated by EU directives, which are then implemented in the domestic legislation of its member states, and EU regulations, which are immediately enforceable in all member states. They also need to accept supremacy of european courts over national ones. [e] This political philosophy of a supra-national rule over the continent, similar to the example of the ancient Roman Empire, resulted in the early Middle Ages in the concept of a renovatio imperii ("restoration of the empire"),[28] either in the forms of the Reichsidee ("imperial idea")[29] or the religiously inspired Imperium Christianum ("christian empire"). The 27 Commissioners as a single body are subject to approval (or otherwise) by vote of the European Parliament. Known from the myth in which Zeus seduces her in the guise of a white bull, Europa has also been referred to in relation to the present Union. [96][97], Due to the high number of official languages, most of the institutions use only a handful of working languages. [215] The European Development Fund (EDF, €22.7 billion for the period 2008–2013 and €30.5 billion for the period 2014–2020) is made up of voluntary contributions by member states, but there is pressure to merge the EDF into the budget-financed instruments to encourage increased contributions to match the 0.7% target and allow the European Parliament greater oversight. The European Convention on Human Rights was previously only open to members of the, Opinion (2/92) of the European Court of Justice on "Accession by the Community to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms", To do otherwise would require the drafting of legislation which would have to cope with the frequently divergent legal systems and administrative systems of all of the now 28 member states. With further enlargement planned to include the former communist states of Central and Eastern Europe, as well as Cyprus and Malta, the Copenhagen criteria for candidate members to join the EU were agreed upon in June 1993. EU member states are not sovereign. [10] Its members have a combined area of 4,233,255.3 km2 (1,634,469.0 sq mi) and an estimated total population of about 447 million. The EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states in those matters, and only those matters, where members have agreed to act as one. The legal basis for EU environmental policy was established with the introduction of the Single European Act in 1987. [83] Its population growth rate was positive at an estimated 0.23% in 2016. The Dollar As Leading Reserve Currency", "There Are Only Two Real Threats To The US Dollar's Status As The International Reserve Currency", "Euro area unemployment rate at 10.3%, EU28 at 8.9%", "Regional GDP per capita ranged from 31% to 626% of the EU average in 2017", "Living and working in the Single Market", "Almunia says 'undesirable' to act on Sweden's euro refusal", "Europe seals deal on financial supervision", "The European Power Sector in 2020 / Up-to-Date Analysis on the Electricity Transition", "Energy consumption and production: EU27 energy dependence rate at 54% in 2006: Energy consumption stable", "Kazakhstan's Gas: Export Markets and Export Routes", "Ukraine-Russia gas dispute – call for stronger EU energy policy", "The trans-European transport network: new guidelines and financial rules", "EUR 650 million for the Polish Road Network", "Jacques Barrot Home Page, Commission vice president for transport", "Agriculture: Meeting the needs of farmers and consumers", "Sugar: Commission proposes more market-, consumer- and trade-friendly regime", "The Commission prohibits GE's acquisition of Honeywell", "Microsoft caves in to European Commission", "Eurostat - Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table", "Así es el seguro europeo contra el paro que propone el futuro comisario de Empleo de la UE - elEconomista.es", "Proposed EU directive on minimum wage brews controversy from all sides", "Union of Equality: The Commission presents its first-ever strategy on LGBTIQ equality in the EU", "Chapter 2: The European Union Structural and Cohesion Funds", "Populists, greens and the new map of European politics", "EU summit deadlock over top jobs and climate discord", "The Erasmus programme celebrates its 20th anniversary", "About the Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency", "2019 Human Development Index Ranking | Human Development Reports", "In Europe, life expectancy is lower in the east", "Life expectancy: Are you in one of the top 5 regions?

Diplomarbeit Jku Rechtswissenschaften, Terra Training Lösungen Klasse 6 Europa Im überblick, Veranstaltungen Koblenz 2020, Gaußsche Osterformel Beispiel, Extrablatt Speisekarte Emsdetten, Fertighaus Ferienhaus Polen, Verdienst Gruppenleiter Behindertenwerkstatt,